A Brief History of Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa rose to prominence in the 11th century AD, serving as the second capital of Sri Lanka after the fall of Anuradhapura. This era, known as the Polonnaruwa period, marked a golden age of prosperity, architectural marvels, and cultural richness under the reign of King Parakramabahu I. His visionary leadership saw the construction of elaborate irrigation systems, majestic temples, and palaces that have withstood the test of time.

The city was strategically positioned, enabling it to flourish as a hub for trade and agriculture. The vast reservoir, Parakrama Samudra, remains a testament to the advanced hydraulic engineering of the time. As you wander through Polonnaruwa, you can almost hear the echoes of bustling marketplaces, the chants of monks, and the clang of craftsmen at work.

The Marvels of Polonnaruwa

Every corner of Polonnaruwa is steeped in history, offering a myriad of sites that captivate and inspire. Here are some of the must-visit landmarks that paint a vivid picture of this ancient city:

The Royal Palace

Once a magnificent structure that epitomized the grandeur of the Polonnaruwa era, the Royal Palace, or Vijayabahu Maligaya, now stands in ruins. Despite its dilapidated state, the sheer scale and intricate craftsmanship of the palace remain awe-inspiring. Imagine the opulence of its time, with courtyards bustling with royal attendants, and halls resonating with the discussions of state affairs. As you walk through the remains of the palace, let your imagination reconstruct its past splendour.

Gal Vihara

Gal Vihara is a rock temple that houses some of the most exquisite Buddha statues in Sri Lanka. Carved out of a single granite rock, the four statues depict different postures of Buddha—each one radiating serenity and spiritual grace. The intricacy and precision of these carvings are a testament to the exceptional skills of ancient artisans. As you stand before these majestic statues, you can feel a deep sense of peace and reflection wash over you.

The Sacred Quadrangle

The Sacred Quadrangle, or Dalada Maluwa, is a compact group of ruins that encapsulate the religious fervor of Polonnaruwa. Here, you will find the Vatadage, an intricately designed circular relic house that once enshrined the Sacred Tooth Relic of Buddha. The elegance of its stone carvings and the symmetry of its design are nothing short of breathtaking. Close your eyes and visualize the throngs of devotees who once gathered here, their prayers and offerings filling the air with a sense of sacred devotion.

Lankathilaka Vihara

Lankathilaka Vihara is a towering image house that once enshrined a colossal Buddha statue. Even in its partially ruined state, the Vihara stands as a symbol of architectural brilliance. The tall, narrow structure, with its elaborate carvings and inscriptions, gives you a glimpse into the artistic and spiritual achievements of the Polonnaruwa period. As you explore the Vihara, you can almost feel the reverence and awe that ancient worshippers experienced.

Parakrama Samudra

No visit to Polonnaruwa is complete without witnessing the grandeur of Parakrama Samudra, a massive man-made reservoir that spans over 2,500 hectares. This engineering marvel, constructed under the reign of King Parakramabahu I, was designed to harness the monsoon rains and support the agricultural needs of the kingdom. As you stand by its banks, the serene expanse of water stretching out before you, you can appreciate the visionary foresight and the sustainable practices of the ancient rulers.

The Natural Beauty of Polonnaruwa

Beyond its historical treasures, Polonnaruwa is also a haven for nature lovers. The city is surrounded by lush forests, verdant fields, and tranquil lakes that add to its enchanting allure. The Minneriya National Park, located nearby, offers a spectacular display of wildlife, including the famous gathering of elephants. This natural symphony of flora and fauna complements the architectural beauty of Polonnaruwa, creating a holistic experience that nourishes the soul.

Cycling Through Polonnaruwa

One of the best ways to explore Polonnaruwa is by cycling. The flat terrain and well-preserved ruins make it an ideal destination for a leisurely bike ride. As you pedal through the ancient city, with the wind in your hair and the sun on your face, you can stop at various sites, immersing yourself in the history and beauty that surround you. Each turn of the wheel takes you deeper into the past, allowing you to connect with the essence of Polonnaruwa in a unique and personal way.

The Spiritual Essence of Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa is more than just a collection of ruins; it is a place of profound spiritual significance. The numerous temples, stupas, and statues reflect the deep-rooted Buddhist traditions that have shaped the cultural landscape of Sri Lanka. As you walk through these sacred spaces, you can feel a sense of tranquility and introspection. The spiritual ambiance of Polonnaruwa invites you to pause, reflect, and find inner peace amidst the chaos of modern life.

Meditating in Ancient Temples

The ancient temples of Polonnaruwa provide a serene setting for meditation and contemplation. The stillness of these spaces, combined with the energy of centuries of devotion, creates an ideal environment for spiritual practice. Imagine sitting in the shade of a Bodhi tree, the same type of tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment, and letting the tranquility of the surroundings guide you into a deep state of meditation. This experience can be profoundly transformative, helping you reconnect with your inner self and find clarity and purpose.

The Cultural Richness of Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa’s cultural heritage is a vibrant tapestry woven with threads of art, music, dance, and literature. The city’s legacy is not only preserved in its ruins but also in the hearts and minds of the local people who continue to uphold their traditions and customs. Engaging with the local community offers a deeper understanding of the cultural richness that defines Polonnaruwa.

Traditional Crafts and Arts

The artisans of Polonnaruwa are the keepers of ancient crafts that have been passed down through generations. From intricate wood carvings to exquisite pottery, these traditional crafts reflect the artistic prowess and cultural heritage of the region. Visiting local workshops and interacting with artisans provides a unique opportunity to witness the skill and dedication that go into creating these masterpieces. By supporting these crafts, you contribute to the preservation of a rich cultural legacy.

Cultural Festivals

Polonnaruwa is home to numerous cultural festivals that celebrate the region’s heritage and traditions. The Poson Poya, commemorating the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka, is marked by vibrant processions, traditional dances, and religious ceremonies. Participating in these festivals allows you to experience the lively spirit and communal harmony that characterize the local culture. The sense of joy and togetherness that permeates these celebrations is truly infectious, leaving you with cherished memories.

The Modern Connection to Polonnaruwa

While Polonnaruwa is steeped in history, it also has a contemporary relevance that resonates with modern travelers. The city’s lessons in sustainability, community, and spiritual balance offer valuable insights for today’s world.

Sustainable Tourism

Polonnaruwa serves as a model for sustainable tourism, where the preservation of cultural heritage goes hand in hand with environmental conservation. The responsible tourism practices in place ensure that the historical sites are protected, and the natural beauty of the region is maintained. By choosing to visit Polonnaruwa, you become part of a movement that values and respects the delicate balance between nature and human activity.

Mindful Travel

Traveling to Polonnaruwa encourages a mindful approach to exploration. Instead of rushing through landmarks, you are invited to slow down, savor the moment, and connect with the essence of each site. This mindful travel experience fosters a deeper appreciation for the history, culture, and natural beauty of Polonnaruwa. It also promotes personal growth, as you learn to embrace the present and find joy in the journey itself.

Planning Your Visit to Polonnaruwa

To make the most of your visit to Polonnaruwa, a little planning goes a long way. Here are some tips to help you prepare for an unforgettable experience:

Best Time to Visit Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa can be visited year-round, but the best time to explore is during the dry season, from May to September. The weather is pleasant, and the clear skies provide perfect conditions for sightseeing and outdoor activities. If you prefer to avoid the crowds, visiting during the shoulder seasons of April and October can also be a great option.

Getting to Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa is well-connected by road and rail. The nearest major city is Colombo, which is approximately 220 kilometers away. You can take a scenic train ride or opt for a comfortable bus journey to reach Polonnaruwa. Alternatively, private taxis and car rentals are available for a more personalized travel experience.

Accommodation in Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa offers a range of accommodation options to suit different budgets and preferences. From luxury resorts to cozy guesthouses, you can find a place that caters to your needs. Staying in eco-friendly lodges or heritage hotels adds an extra layer of charm to your visit, allowing you to immerse yourself fully in the local ambiance.

Guided Tours of Polonnaruwa

While it’s possible to explore Polonnaruwa on your own, hiring a local guide can enhance your experience significantly. Knowledgeable guides provide valuable insights, historical context, and interesting anecdotes that bring the ancient city to life. They can also help you navigate the vast site and ensure you don’t miss any hidden gems.